tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3230717994134051942024-03-04T20:54:32.168-08:00Hlengiwe Luthuli Environmental Managementluthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-18579212340329466722021-03-09T05:50:00.011-08:002021-03-09T06:06:26.066-08:00Vanilla roscheri<div class="separator"><a name="_Hlk66184267">Vanilla roscheri</a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk66184267;">Family:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Orchidaceae<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxt_mC7wUjeEQi48ITgcJ-s4Q4iUqsmEr24fxL4_YcbQQkzYEsuqGGIvPmA8bog4CLDcFlkjQbndV8qlMVKvuLmApMJlPnLP2d4I4tf5lRAuvlwXma0nhloZdf-yBNYRDwNpNa8h9yZEE/s491/Vanilla-roscheri.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The flower of Vanilla roscheri photo taken by Roddy JC Ward" border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="491" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxt_mC7wUjeEQi48ITgcJ-s4Q4iUqsmEr24fxL4_YcbQQkzYEsuqGGIvPmA8bog4CLDcFlkjQbndV8qlMVKvuLmApMJlPnLP2d4I4tf5lRAuvlwXma0nhloZdf-yBNYRDwNpNa8h9yZEE/w320-h301/Vanilla-roscheri.jpg" title="The flower of Vanilla roscheri photo taken by Roddy JC Ward" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">The flower of Vanilla roscheri photo taken by Roddy JC Ward<o:p></o:p></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk66184267;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A very attractive orchid that has a widespread range in
eastern tropical Africa, from Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique with one
officially recorded record from South Africa. The specimens found in South Africa
were found on the shores of Lake Sibaya by Mark Ward in 1983 where herbarium
specimens were collected by him on the 05/02/1983 and again on 01/07/1983 which
were submitted to the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens by his father
Roddy Ward. I am very fortunate to have been given a live piece of the original
plant collected.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Status in South Africa</b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><b> </b> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Near Threatened* D2 assessed on the 02.09.2005 by L. von Staden and J.E. Victor</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Known from one location in South Africa. Potentially
threatened by subsistence agriculture, expanding informal settlements and alien
plant invasion. The national assessment is downgraded from VU to NT as other
subpopulations just across the border in Mozambique could serve as sources of
propagules to South African locations.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Note:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This species may be conspecific with Vanilla phalaenopsis
Reichenbach f. from the Seychelles and with Vanilla madagascariensis Rolfe from
Madagascar, if so, Vanilla phalaenopsis would be the correct name.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Description<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Vanilla roscheri is a leafless, terete liana-like climber
with green succulent stems up to c. 1 cm in diameter and short roots at the
nodes. Small brownish <a name="_Hlk66187442">vestigial leaves</a> up to 3 cm
long are sometimes present at the nodes. <o:p></o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjabWVvf8-9ceN_-qxSb-xNoQPp9ZikZlxKZ-Jk4_jlkVMj_YZgkgIcC1JppIZ3BSSPyCf80rc-wUyAEgePAw5qO5_9KX0SJH8gdwLcXhnIDXJXzcC7fKo62jh7qaOV4qukI1LStUaFUN4/s2048/Vanilla-roscheri_stem_leaves.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1989" data-original-width="2048" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjabWVvf8-9ceN_-qxSb-xNoQPp9ZikZlxKZ-Jk4_jlkVMj_YZgkgIcC1JppIZ3BSSPyCf80rc-wUyAEgePAw5qO5_9KX0SJH8gdwLcXhnIDXJXzcC7fKo62jh7qaOV4qukI1LStUaFUN4/w400-h389/Vanilla-roscheri_stem_leaves.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Here the vestigial leaves are clearly seen on Vanilla roscheri grown in my lounge from the original specimen discovered and collected by mark Ward at lake Sibaya</div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A very distinguishing feature of this species are two shallow channels on each side running the length of the vine between the internodes which are up to 15 cm long.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7rSez9_PkvzOMIetVXNOWzaOV-rXNz5A74ovdEwwDJDKLaZIGjMPG4rtsdCZSRyGZY6Xtv2vyZNTccCWm5yP37YrUOG74C61GguLkd3KMH50f66rKFHVX55XpRYwyXayetBObkgqmLM/s2048/Vanilla-roscheri_stem.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk7rSez9_PkvzOMIetVXNOWzaOV-rXNz5A74ovdEwwDJDKLaZIGjMPG4rtsdCZSRyGZY6Xtv2vyZNTccCWm5yP37YrUOG74C61GguLkd3KMH50f66rKFHVX55XpRYwyXayetBObkgqmLM/w480-h640/Vanilla-roscheri_stem.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Here the one of the two shallow channels on each side the
vine of Vanilla roscheri grown in my lounge from the original specimen
discovered and collected by mark Ward<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The inflorescence is many-flowered, up to 30 cm long,
terminal or at the nodes. Flowers are large and showy, up to 15 cm in diameter,
white, more or less flushed with pink, strongly and sweetly scented. Lip
funnel-shaped, often salmon-pink or yellowish in the throat. Capsule up to 17.5
cm long<o:p></o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixfe7cQJGauWrUAsyVWUWRnETzT9w-4tsh9jb-rGebDYNbhvMiNwMqDkVN6Yp_NmmglqpBh6Ss21FhWY4Bdblhweds4774MJU4Ml1o2gpcbzhp_0uokTy9gEquodnRWsJcQl5BwROABrA/s2048/Vanilla-roscheri_opening_mc_ward.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1828" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixfe7cQJGauWrUAsyVWUWRnETzT9w-4tsh9jb-rGebDYNbhvMiNwMqDkVN6Yp_NmmglqpBh6Ss21FhWY4Bdblhweds4774MJU4Ml1o2gpcbzhp_0uokTy9gEquodnRWsJcQl5BwROABrA/w573-h640/Vanilla-roscheri_opening_mc_ward.jpg" width="573" /></a></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: center;">Photo of flower of Vanilla
roscheri taken by Roddy JC Ward<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF1WN5WcEzJaVV1juX8_fp5Hpfee3smVIEtErhYQAA6oLuLSwlexzWle1A9w8kQA4OUYrsxPkbpTMYVoC2K3YisDcwpmuLN2CdQvAdxln8iKSTR8U0Q9GiHlgxuwgj95yH5JM7DiJNto4/s2022/Vanilla-roscheri_+fruit+still+green_edited.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Seed pods of Vanilla roscheri growing on Erythrina latissima photo taken by Roddy JC Ward" border="0" data-original-height="1912" data-original-width="2022" height="606" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF1WN5WcEzJaVV1juX8_fp5Hpfee3smVIEtErhYQAA6oLuLSwlexzWle1A9w8kQA4OUYrsxPkbpTMYVoC2K3YisDcwpmuLN2CdQvAdxln8iKSTR8U0Q9GiHlgxuwgj95yH5JM7DiJNto4/w640-h606/Vanilla-roscheri_+fruit+still+green_edited.jpg" title="Seed pods of Vanilla roscheri growing on Erythrina latissima photo taken by Roddy JC Ward" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Seed pods of Vanilla roscheri growing on Erythrina latissima
photo taken by Roddy JC Ward</div><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Habitat<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Vanilla roscheri are found growing where it is hot and humid
near to the coast in mangrove forest, evergreen scrub, coastal bush and forest,
and in grassy fields with scattered trees at elevations in South Africa 1-100 m,
elsewhere at elevations of 0 up to 1050 meters<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Cultivation<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Vanilla roscheri which is easy to grow likes to grow at warm
to hot temperatures with high humidity with the lower part of the plant and the
roots in shade, the top of the plant in partial shade to full sun for them to
flower. <o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-M5xfwn_m069j4zm5BwhhFTXyg4blwqEzRdNQZEY0Fm7fjsOoCpVZ4gD84aBMmyiUaSpAuyc2VHG4tjcE6lpJriBlNHo7FOT3zZbYfJoSq0Np1LMx73dNbVCoE2FHEyvB6qyUL2ZsYqE/s2048/5-Vanilla-roscheri_full_sun.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1884" data-original-width="2048" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-M5xfwn_m069j4zm5BwhhFTXyg4blwqEzRdNQZEY0Fm7fjsOoCpVZ4gD84aBMmyiUaSpAuyc2VHG4tjcE6lpJriBlNHo7FOT3zZbYfJoSq0Np1LMx73dNbVCoE2FHEyvB6qyUL2ZsYqE/w640-h588/5-Vanilla-roscheri_full_sun.jpg" title="Seed pods of Vanilla roscheri growing on Erythrina latissima in full sun at Lake Sibaya Photo taken by Roddy JC Ward" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Seed pods of Vanilla roscheri growing on Erythrina latissima
in full sun at Lake Sibaya Photo taken by Roddy JC Ward</div><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">They require a large pot filled with a very loose well
drained open growing medium with lots of space for climbing. I grow mine in
very coarse sieved well drained leaf mould containing many sticks and partially
decomposed leaves to which can be added some crushed egg or snail shells. It is
essential to add good drainage and airholes on the sides at the base of the pot
or to place the pot on feet. The plants must be allowed to dry out somewhat
before watering. Reduce the watering in the cooler months. They need good air
movement and respond well to misting. They respond well to a regular addition
of a very weak solution of liquid fertiliser. Flush out the pot well with clean
water from time to time to avoid salt build up.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I feed my orchid plants with soluble inorganic fertiliser
used in hydroponics for flower and fruit growth to which I add both humic and
fulvic acid which gives excellent results. I occasionally water my plants with
plant growth stimulants derived from sea weed.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="4" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 502.95pt;" valign="top" width="671">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">The Royal
Botanic Gardens at Kew<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Herbarium
Catalogue<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Family:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Orchidaceae<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Current Name:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Vanilla
roscheri Rchb. f.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Collector:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.9pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Ward, C.J.;
Ward, M.C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Plant Parts:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Flowers/inflorescence;
Fruit<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Collector no:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">59<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Collection
Date:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">05/02/1983<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.5pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.85pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Country:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.9pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">South Africa<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.5pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Habitat:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.85pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Light shade;
sand termite mound. Dry woodland-forest, mainly just within margin.
Frequency; Locally common.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Location:<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.9pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">KwaZulu-Natal
Ingwavuma Sibaya lake south west<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.5pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Plant
Description:<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.85pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Shallowly
rooted in litter on sand or pseudo-epiphytic.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Lat and Long:<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.9pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">27 21 S , 32
36 E<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 104.5pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.85pt;" valign="top" width="220">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.7pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">General
Comments:<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 390.25pt;" valign="top" width="520">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Sheet 1.
Duplicate Ex Herbarium: University of Durban-Westville, Natal, South Africa.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.africanorchids.dk/357-vanilla/386-vanilla-roscheri">http://www.africanorchids.dk/357-vanilla/386-vanilla-roscheri</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/detailsQuery.do?barcode=K000392070">http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/detailsQuery.do?barcode=K000392070</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://orchids.fandom.com/wiki/Vanilla_roscheri">https://orchids.fandom.com/wiki/Vanilla_roscheri</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=180910">https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=180910</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2771-1">http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=2771-1</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Article written by Michael Hickman from data collected from
the websites listed below and from own experience growing this orchid<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">09.03.21<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Please visit my websites at <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.ecoman.co.za/">www.ecoman.co.za</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.hlem.co.za">www.hlem.co.za</a></p></div></div>luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-8460834725501447082020-11-18T03:51:00.002-08:002020-11-18T03:57:28.162-08:00Evaluation of the Green roof trials conducted in Durban <div class="separator"><b style="text-align: justify;">A brief evaluation of the Green
roof trials conducted in Durban over a period of ten years</b></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Early in 2009 I became involved
in the <a name="_Hlk54077696">eThekwini Municipality Green Roof Pilot Project</a>
at which time I started the trial of a number of species of local plants at
Mount Moreland north of Durban.</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[endif]--></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlCXoaBiJDc9u3JjrvizoTkHTFuFpF55LYBOLHBEjDILV4ftMBir37GzGWrr4R5EGV3-1BKYusC_ulSSSxxHJEIJLRz864tWDbkgkDd9BImtlm40ymS83IPRU3twqTv3wwL0UUF_1p_M/s1920/Delosperma+lineare.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlCXoaBiJDc9u3JjrvizoTkHTFuFpF55LYBOLHBEjDILV4ftMBir37GzGWrr4R5EGV3-1BKYusC_ulSSSxxHJEIJLRz864tWDbkgkDd9BImtlm40ymS83IPRU3twqTv3wwL0UUF_1p_M/w400-h225/Delosperma+lineare.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Delosperma
lineare<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">As from 1987, prior to becoming
involved in the eThekwini Municipality Green Roof Pilot Project I had
considerable exposure to green roof construction in Germany. Therefore, it was
natural to copy as closely as possible the methods employed in green roof
construction in Germany. Using drainage and engineered growing medium consisting
of materials such as light weight expanded clay granules, perlite and
vermiculite. In addition, we incorporated very little organic material as done
in Germany with the percentage not exceeding 5%.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3g7XXnBRacQ7c2Qqje9AIhk7ckn5wi5Hd92M0EDI3zk2URoiN8BIvsDsBLbVbJuxZZZQI-FJ7tzbyN5acyMR3hMXYyJLWWpmpuaFDXXw-O0ycHfPwCvc9_A2v0ROUzOlZLSVrUhMUojE/s1920/Ledebouria+apertifolia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3g7XXnBRacQ7c2Qqje9AIhk7ckn5wi5Hd92M0EDI3zk2URoiN8BIvsDsBLbVbJuxZZZQI-FJ7tzbyN5acyMR3hMXYyJLWWpmpuaFDXXw-O0ycHfPwCvc9_A2v0ROUzOlZLSVrUhMUojE/w400-h225/Ledebouria+apertifolia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ledebouria apertifolia</div><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">For many reasons it was decided
to limit our research to exclusively local indigenous plants that occur
naturally within 50 of the test site. In regards to my own testing I have added
a few plants collected in the very hot and dry Ndumo area. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This evaluation has been done
after most of my test plants had been grown for ten years with virtually no
attention, being left almost completely on their own with no watering, no
fertilising, no addition of soils to the trays or mulching with compost.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENPi_6lJcTOHYMmmmd2UUjAiMsO6CA9OeBKQ1MO5fJGY6lXtm-ztJt1AdZe8Kl675vQCecO_D5M-abp1AuykJR3yTHTpnHgbOkSkkZVRZwiCcO8x8KkWiQndbTMKC1vUSZCL_m8_W7Fo/s1779/gladiolus_cruentus+%25281%2529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1779" data-original-width="1686" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENPi_6lJcTOHYMmmmd2UUjAiMsO6CA9OeBKQ1MO5fJGY6lXtm-ztJt1AdZe8Kl675vQCecO_D5M-abp1AuykJR3yTHTpnHgbOkSkkZVRZwiCcO8x8KkWiQndbTMKC1vUSZCL_m8_W7Fo/w379-h400/gladiolus_cruentus+%25281%2529.JPG" width="379" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Gladiolus cruentus</span></div><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ten years later the evaluation of
the projects has proven that many of the practices carried out in Europe to not
be true for our circumstances.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Firstly, drainage appears to not
be essential because the drainage very soon becomes invaded by plant roots
which decrease or completely prevents its operation. The reality is that during
periods of heavy rain the majority of the water leaves the roof via surface
drainage.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Specially engineered soils appear
to not be essential other than they are a little lighter a factor that can very
easily be mitigated during the design stage of the roof to allow it to carry a
little more weight.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sTr9uv8RD0Omb4MkVvnPHNE_fOiH9AK3qiR1N9EKjrBhgvwJQoPKvvH6NS2KUvDUi99o2atzrgu1MsTG2q0mFc_X6jTbzwRFQofu4Re05lWaBTv0bnz4M66tD9GgZBZ45x4iOIx_TiQ/s1920/orbea_longidens_4.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sTr9uv8RD0Omb4MkVvnPHNE_fOiH9AK3qiR1N9EKjrBhgvwJQoPKvvH6NS2KUvDUi99o2atzrgu1MsTG2q0mFc_X6jTbzwRFQofu4Re05lWaBTv0bnz4M66tD9GgZBZ45x4iOIx_TiQ/w640-h360/orbea_longidens_4.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk56596814" style="text-align: justify;">Orbea longidens</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk56596814" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">As observed in nature many of the
plants that we trialled grow in humus rich soils on rocky slabs in nature. In
literature found on the internet it is generally recommended not to add more
than 5 percent organic matter to the growing medium mix. Experiments have
proven that most of the plants that we did trials on grow better with
considerably more compost. Recently since the end of the ten-year testing
period I have found great benefit in heavily mulching the plants with fresh
sheep manure just before the onset of the first rain in the spring time.</div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Clearly a great range of South
African plants are extremely suitable for use on green roofs growing in shallow
relatively nutrient poor soils<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Many indigenous orchids are ideal
candidates for growing on nutrient poor green roofs, especially orchids from
the genus Eulophia, in particular the very showy Eulophia speciosa.</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5Gpo4AUagY1rvtx966ZryK5RTVslZkQfv_C-FgAch1y8PFxNWr04MDzgGrtSaGxm-7kM0XEmYZ9Eo9bXtDukslkE7UaOmDEC9qhWoFAgiZ2XMhqiW48c-Y9U9WBdIbOxKBX1cjG5Juo/s1031/eulophia_speciosa+%252811%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1031" data-original-width="966" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5Gpo4AUagY1rvtx966ZryK5RTVslZkQfv_C-FgAch1y8PFxNWr04MDzgGrtSaGxm-7kM0XEmYZ9Eo9bXtDukslkE7UaOmDEC9qhWoFAgiZ2XMhqiW48c-Y9U9WBdIbOxKBX1cjG5Juo/w600-h640/eulophia_speciosa+%252811%2529.jpg" width="600" /></a></div><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Eulophia speciosa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">All of the local indigenous bulbous
plants trialled have been an overwhelming success, one of the main reasons for
this appears to be that during the period of maximum growth there is sufficient
moisture for good growth from the rain with a dry period during the winter when
they are naturally dormant.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A number of new plants have
established themselves from seed that was blown in or brought in by birds. Of
particular note are Bulbine natalensis, Cyanotis speciosa, Delosperma lineare,
Drimiopsis maculata, the orchid Eulophia speciosa and a Plectranthus sp
collected at Ndumo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Below are lists of plants that I
have trialled at my home in purpose manufactured planting trays most of which
have been in trialled for ten years the minimum period that plants have been
grown is 4 years.<o:p></o:p></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 319.1pt;" valign="top" width="425">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>Plants trialled that have done well<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.55pt;" valign="top" width="213">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Adenium multiflorum<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aeollanthus parvifolius<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Agapanthus campanulatus<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Agapanthus praecox<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Albuca fastigiata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Albuca setosa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aloe arborescens<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aloe greenii<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aloe tenuior<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Anthericum saundersiae<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Ceropegia nilotica<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Ceropegia stapeliiformis <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula expansa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula lanceolata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula multicava<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula obovata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula ovata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula pellucida<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula perfoliata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula sarmentosa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Cyanotis speciosa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Cyrtanthus sanguineous<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Delosperma lineare<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Delosperma tradescantioides<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Dipcadi viride<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Drimia delagoensis <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Drimia elata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Drimia flagillaris <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Drimiopsis maculata<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.55pt;" valign="top" width="213">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Drimiopsis maxima<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia speciosa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia leitchii<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia citellifera<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia clavicornis<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia parviflora <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia unidentified Ndumo<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Cheilanthus viridis<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Gasteria croucheri <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Gladiolus cruentus<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Huernia histrix<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Huernia zebrina<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Hypoxis costata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Kleinia fulgens<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Ledebouria apertifolia<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Ledebouria revoluta<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Murdannia simplex<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk56596814">Orbea longidens<o:p></o:p></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Ornithogalum sp. Dwarf bought<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Ornithogalum sp. Minute kloof<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Pelargonium alchemilloides<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Plectranthus neochilis<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Plectranthus creeping sp. Ndumo <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Scadoxus multiflorus<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Scilla natalensis<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Selaginella dregei<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Vera-duthiea zebrina<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 102.7pt; text-align: justify;">Zingela pooleyorum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 319.1pt;" valign="top" width="425">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>Plants that have self-established<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.55pt;" valign="top" width="213">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Scadoxus puniceus<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aloe maculata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aloe ferrox<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Euphorbia tirucalli <o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.55pt;" valign="top" width="213">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Plectranthus madagascariensis <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Tetradenia riparia<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Kalanchoe rotundifolia<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 319.1pt;" valign="top" width="425">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>Plants freely spreading from seed<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.55pt;" valign="top" width="213">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Agapanthus praecox<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Bulbine natalensis<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Crassula expansa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Cyanotis speciosa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Delosperma lineare<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Drimiopsis maculata<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia citellifera<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.55pt;" valign="top" width="213">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Eulophia speciosa<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Murdannia simplex<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Orbea longidens<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Ornithogalum sp. Dwarf bought<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Pelargonium alchemilloides<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Plectranthus creeping sp Ndumo<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Plectranthus neochilis<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Weeds<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Bidens Pilosa established from
windblown seed although they are aesthetically unwanted, they complete their
life cycles or die from drought before they produce seed. Weeds have not been a
threat to the growth or the health of the plants. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Under normal conditions weeds
would need to be controlled mainly for aesthetic reasons as well as to keep the
plantings purely indigenous.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Establishment of grasses<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In addition to unwanted annual
agricultural weeds the grass Melinis repens has established in some of the trays
during the rainy growing season dying off during the dry winter leaving seed to
resprout with a onset of spring rains. Melinis is probably a good and certainly
an attractive addition on most extensive green roof plantings.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgif6asDwASJN0Y__w_2PgiNyBjYdQ2CEvONTcxb9fUsIiR3XsaKey8h40eR5p8FmZdo5-M1LAypMboE4CW2p6wCM-mPRZsh5Ize4wCTjIrkuI48e53ZupyPz1OPtPQ4A2xzlttAWUb0sw/s2048/cyrtanthus_sanguineus.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1217" data-original-width="2048" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgif6asDwASJN0Y__w_2PgiNyBjYdQ2CEvONTcxb9fUsIiR3XsaKey8h40eR5p8FmZdo5-M1LAypMboE4CW2p6wCM-mPRZsh5Ize4wCTjIrkuI48e53ZupyPz1OPtPQ4A2xzlttAWUb0sw/w640-h380/cyrtanthus_sanguineus.JPG" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Cyrtanthus sanguineous</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Conclusion and recommendations<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The vast majority of the plants
tested did extremely well.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Soil similar to the soils that
the plants are naturally found growing in produced the best results however all
plants grew satisfactory in a general fairly open well drained growing medium. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Occasional watering and the
removal of unwanted weeds would be of great benefit.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">An annual mulching with either a
well-rotted and leaf mould of bark compost or animal compost such as sheep dung
appears to be of great benefit. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I would not recommend the
addition of inorganic fertilisers because they would promote weak rapid growth
of the plants <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Michael Hickman<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">18.11.20<o:p></o:p></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">www.hlem.co.za</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ecoman.co.za" target="_blank">www.ecoman.co.za</a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-64931217114773249822020-10-05T08:53:00.002-07:002020-10-05T08:53:23.962-07:00Dermatobotrys saundersii Tree jockey<p> </p><h2 style="line-height: 15pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><a name="_Hlk52786836"><em><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-family: "proxima_nova_rgbold",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dermatobotrys saundersii</span></b></em></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52786836;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-family: "proxima_nova_rgbold",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-family: "proxima_nova_rgbold",serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bolus.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Family:</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Scrophulariaceae<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">Common names:</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> tree jockey<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The genus Dermatobotrys is a member of the snap dragon family (Scrophulariaceae)
which is related to the</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="color: #413b3b;">Tree
Fuchsia, Halleria lucida. Dermatobotrys has only one species. Seeds sent to Kew
in the 1890s germinated well and plants have been grown in cultivation ever
since.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 9pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Description<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dermatobotrys
saundersii is an epiphytic shrublet that can reach one metre in height , which grows
in the forks of a variety of trees, on the Pondo Palm or Coconut – Jubaeopsis
caffra and occasionally on the forest floor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dermatobotrys saundersii. The leaves are soft and fleshy with
shallow toothed margins and reddish veins. Under natural conditions the plant
is deciduous, losing its leaves in late autumn. The tubular deep red flowers
appear from mid-winter to mid-summer (June to December), followed by smooth
oval brownish fruit filled with numerous small seeds in a sweetish pulp.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It's an odd member of the Snapdragon family that makes a
caudex-like base and terrific flowers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Even without blooms it's a first-rate house plant, with its woody stems
and attractive leaves that have an interesting scent when rubbed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dermatobotrys saundersii develops thick, woody rhizomes that
resemble a caudex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the base emerges
a wavy mass of upright, woody stems, each about up to one meter long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leaves have a rubbery texture, with new
growth that is tinged red or purplish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When rubbed, they have a scent that is hard to describe, but it is sort
of like lemon furniture polish!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
not a bad scent, just an unexpected one for a plant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Flowering <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In its natural habitat Dermatobotrys saundersii flowers in late
winter when the days start to lengthen which brings this plant out of its
dormancy to flower before the leaves are fully grown.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAM-jnq-jfhkg-m_M6Ali-6A3kiBzplb5ODfvKtykCvc8hsPXkNGjPqlWY316VLRE5Wa-JEJHWKhBFiKaoSOl93eAi9FWdDjRwo0R2KQaBlB40u74VP1NnV6wSGUzgJNyyb_1F1aC35Y/s934/dermatobotrys-saundersii.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="934" data-original-width="700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAM-jnq-jfhkg-m_M6Ali-6A3kiBzplb5ODfvKtykCvc8hsPXkNGjPqlWY316VLRE5Wa-JEJHWKhBFiKaoSOl93eAi9FWdDjRwo0R2KQaBlB40u74VP1NnV6wSGUzgJNyyb_1F1aC35Y/w480-h640/dermatobotrys-saundersii.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fruit<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The fruits are relatively large, spinning top-shaped
about 25mm long by about 20mm in diameter at their widest. The fruits have a
bitter pungent smell and taste. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The fruits which ripen a few months after flowering are readily
eaten by monkeys, hornbills and other birds in spring and early summer ensuring
that the many hundred fine seeds per fruit, are distributed to germinate in
leaf litter lined tree forks at the height of the rainy season. Like many of
the family Scrophulariaceae the seed capsules and even the leaves when rubbed
have a pungent smell. The fruits are eaten by forest birds which seem not to
mind this acrid taste.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 9pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conservation Status</span></b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Although it is regarded as not threatened, and assessed as Least
Concern (LC) on the </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1040-1">Red List of South
African plants</a></span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=1040-1
</span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, this is a rare species with a high habitat
specificity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Distribution and habitat</span></b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This rare epiphytic plant is found in coastal scarp
forests in South Africa on the Transkei</span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> coast
<span style="color: black;">on the northern banks of the Mtentu and Msikaba rivers
close to the ocean. It also found growing further north in southern Zululand to
in the canopy of our coastal forests at Ngoye, Nkandla, Qudeni, Ngome and
Gwalaweni.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is also found in Madagascar.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ecology</span></b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is likely that this plant with its red tubular flowers is
pollinated by sunbirds. The fruit has a most unusual scent, which may attract
fruit eating birds and small arboreal mammals, which eat the fruit and
distribute the seed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjisSpXWD5dk4PqUMfA_a_DZJZc4gSA5DlhUex_-pLGO36nKUySCLTiNiPELBNpx391fNFIjxF2cEMGihfTZq9_ucJrZox32Uf32NoZbBY57aVMhsq_xYFesb-NBx7IAeSzlhJFBb-V_LA/s750/dm.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="750" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjisSpXWD5dk4PqUMfA_a_DZJZc4gSA5DlhUex_-pLGO36nKUySCLTiNiPELBNpx391fNFIjxF2cEMGihfTZq9_ucJrZox32Uf32NoZbBY57aVMhsq_xYFesb-NBx7IAeSzlhJFBb-V_LA/w640-h436/dm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<h3 style="margin-top: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Growing <a name="_Hlk52788370"></a><a name="_Hlk52790398"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;">Dermatobotrys
saundersii</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These attractive plants are easily grown and
make very good container plant subjects in particular when grown in hanging
baskets. For best results treat Dermatobotrys saundersii as any other epiphyte,
it is however important not to over water. Dermatobotrys saundersii grows best
in a loose well drained growing medium with plenty of organic material such as leaf
litter, compost or chopped coco nut fibre as sold for growing orchids. If grown
outdoors or in a green house in areas prone to eel worm (nematodes) keep the
plants off of the ground preferably in hanging baskets to prevent these pests
from attacking the roots causing the plants to grow very poorly or in extreme
cases killing the plants.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Although Dermatobotrys saundersii will grow in
rather heavy shade it will not flower well, it flowers best in medium to
partial shade and will tolerate full sun. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dermatobotrys saundersii will grow indoors in
a bright well-lit room or under lights where it will tend to flower at any time
of the year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When grown indoors Dermatobotrys saundersii
prefers filtered sunlight or morning sun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Protect it from strong afternoon sun. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Feeding<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I feed a weak solution of liquid fertiliser alternating
between organic and non-organic fertilisers. Every once and a while the plants
need to be drenched with pure water to prevent the build up of salts in the
growing medium.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pests and diseases<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the close on 50 years that I have grown Dermatobotrys
saundersii I have found them relatively pest free other than being extremely
prone to nematode attack if they are placed on the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Flowering <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For best flowering results dry the plants off almost
completely for two to three months in winter to let them rest as in their
natural habitat. Your rewarded will be a mass of flowers just before the new
leaves appear.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk52788370;"></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5sXMaRNl0NpyBRIl88mK9OhrV2Awbs4Sq9WJnaOHocO4-4vS8iQk0PEWPAo7G-NkHdhIhFEqXueuNrF6MR33tV1AJ0H1HKz5oUnD7oCrqY5RB7f4I4cjzrcJOFPWhrTYGBTb-j10JFpI/s606/der.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="606" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5sXMaRNl0NpyBRIl88mK9OhrV2Awbs4Sq9WJnaOHocO4-4vS8iQk0PEWPAo7G-NkHdhIhFEqXueuNrF6MR33tV1AJ0H1HKz5oUnD7oCrqY5RB7f4I4cjzrcJOFPWhrTYGBTb-j10JFpI/w640-h446/der.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Propagation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For propagating
small numbers of plants Dermatobotrys saundersii grows easiest from cuttings preferably
taken in summer which grow extremely easy placed directly into growing medium,
sharp sand of a mix of sharp sand and peat. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For growing a large
number of plants one would need to grow them from seed, I have had best results
growing them on peat or coconut peat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The delicate
quick growing seedlings are very prone to damping off so they should be treated
with a suitable fungicide at the time of planting the seed then periodically thereafter
as per the instructions on the label. I have always successfully used Benlate
active ingredient benomyl and Previcur active ingredient Propamocarb as a
mixture to control damping off. The seedlings can be prepicked out into
individual small containers from a height of 25 mm. Do not over pot. Repot into
the next sized container only when they have outgrown the one that they are in.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The seedlings should
flower in their second year.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I can supply both
plants and seed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;">Michael Hickman on 05.10.2020 </span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">www.hlem.co.za</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ecoman.co.za" target="_blank">www.ecoman.co.za</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px;" /></div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 7.5pt;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: #413b3b; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com015 Church St, Mount Moreland, 4339, South Africa-29.636208 31.091172-29.639938234162948 31.086880465576172 -29.632477765837052 31.095463534423828tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-75092150740165138382020-08-17T13:54:00.007-07:002020-10-05T08:55:21.049-07:00African spotted orchid Oeceoclades maculata<p> African spotted orchid Oeceoclades maculata</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[endif]--></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzc0tCboF0b5Jtmv-8Cza8vorKY9ba84t4PZa-rwPGuIW-r-SXgj6A3HqKHD2F5bfYrDWdTzfZzy-tziDzWhNiFF0GavF8Ac-LuspdKXc3hUR2EMMkCAO9x_PGSdRjq5PmFs4Xd7HuLi4/s681/oeceoclades_mackenii_flower.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="681" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzc0tCboF0b5Jtmv-8Cza8vorKY9ba84t4PZa-rwPGuIW-r-SXgj6A3HqKHD2F5bfYrDWdTzfZzy-tziDzWhNiFF0GavF8Ac-LuspdKXc3hUR2EMMkCAO9x_PGSdRjq5PmFs4Xd7HuLi4/w400-h384/oeceoclades_mackenii_flower.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Family:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Orchidaceae<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Subfamily:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Epidendroideae<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tribe:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cymbidieae<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Subtribe:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eulophiinae<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Synonyms<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Oeceoclades
mackenii<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Distribution</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Distribution in South Africa:</b><b> </b> KwaZulu-Natal<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Widespread across the tropics of Africa and South and
Central America, and rare in southern Africa.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A globally very widespread species, however in South Africa
it is very rare, known from only a few records, but not suspected to be
threatened. It may also be overlooked as plants are well camouflaged among
shaded forest leaf litter.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk48584747">The African spotted orchid Oeceoclades
maculata</a>, also known as the monk orchid, is a terrestrial orchid species
that is native to tropical Africa, the sub-tropical east coastal region of
South Africa and Madagascar. Oeceoclades maculata is considered to be one of
the most successful invasive orchids which has naturalized in South and Central
America, the Caribbean, and Florida in North America. It was first described by
the English botanist John Lindley as Angraecum maculatum in 1821 based on a
specimen collected from South America. Lindley later revised his original
placement and moved the species to the genus Oeceoclades in 1833.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6sizY_L-LDEIkWA8ZFW9kNnhtJPmm9UQcbfq1FiqsycAGbkbb2I9b1pr7izpcAcEfa09tc1Hi6hloB0SaFyA-QsUBxssC_THRhcu0BWbzkci1alYgg4Rnf56MHI13R2I_Io4P8Z4Py5s/s800/oeceoclades_mackenii_inflourescens+.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="450" height="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6sizY_L-LDEIkWA8ZFW9kNnhtJPmm9UQcbfq1FiqsycAGbkbb2I9b1pr7izpcAcEfa09tc1Hi6hloB0SaFyA-QsUBxssC_THRhcu0BWbzkci1alYgg4Rnf56MHI13R2I_Io4P8Z4Py5s/w450-h800/oeceoclades_mackenii_inflourescens+.jpg" width="450" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Habitat:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_Hlk48582715">Oeceoclades maculata </a>grows in leaf
litter amongst rocks in the shade of riverine forest and woodland. It produces
a very short rhizomatous stem that is covered with secondary stems that are
expanded to form below ground, rounded pseudobulbs up to 6 cm in length.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the top of the pseudobulb flattened a
single linear leaf emerge that is up to 40 cm in length.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Temperatures:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In their natural habitat they experience summer day
temperatures of 27 -32 degrees C, and night time temperatures which average around
21 degrees C, with a winter minimum night time temperatures as low as 10 <a name="_Hlk48584150">degrees</a> C and daytime temperatures around 25 degrees C.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Humidity:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">75-80% in summer dropping as low as 50% in winter.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Culture. </b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Oeceoclades maculata which are easy to grow require shady
conditions and filtered or diffused light. Good air movement should be provided
at all times.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbR9PkEOD1QFgblaf2cjiXVU6QLIqzJZtfeeleyTOj6HWVFW-fSSP9Y3iOvaPT0keqn5l9mW1nDy34SDo9FoLhvrtHWk9ZamW54IoGITvlWs5LXYX6WfT5rBLfF4dcoUZ9OQyaZgpszE0/s659/oeceoclades_mackenii_leaves.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="659" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbR9PkEOD1QFgblaf2cjiXVU6QLIqzJZtfeeleyTOj6HWVFW-fSSP9Y3iOvaPT0keqn5l9mW1nDy34SDo9FoLhvrtHWk9ZamW54IoGITvlWs5LXYX6WfT5rBLfF4dcoUZ9OQyaZgpszE0/w500-h361/oeceoclades_mackenii_leaves.JPG" width="500" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Growing media:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">A mix of equal parts well decomposed leaf-mould, small
crushed stone, decayed granite or river pebbles and medium sized composted pine
bark compost works well. Oeceoclades maculata should be grown in shallow
well-drained containers large enough for about 2 – 3 years growth. Repotting is
best done in early spring as new growth resumes and should be avoided before
the winter rest.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Water:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Oeceoclades maculata should be watered heavily while
actively growing, but drainage must be excellent, and conditions around the
roots should never be stale or soggy. Watering needs to be reduced for 2-3
months in winter<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Fertilizer:</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">I use a balanced water-soluble hydroponics fertiliser to
which I add equal amounts of fulvic acid and humic acid at a quarter to half a
gram each per litre of water, applied weekly as a drench keeping the leaves dry
when the plants are actively growing. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">They should be allowed to become almost dry between
waterings, but they should not dry out completely. Fertilizer should be reduced
when water is reduced.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><span lang=""> Michael Hickman on 17.08.2020 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">www.hlem.co.za</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fff9ee; color: #222222; font-family: georgia, utopia, "palatino linotype", palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ecoman.co.za/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">www.ecoman.co.za</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com0Durban, South Africa-29.85868039999999 31.0218404-58.002170084808682 -4.1344096000000015 -1.715190715191298 66.1780904tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-71457209248420169932017-09-03T12:02:00.002-07:002017-09-03T12:04:14.068-07:00The Dangers of using Picloram in Conservation Areas<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">In 2013 I first began noticing what was
very clearly herbicide damage and death being caused in particular to two
species of tree being Grewia occidentalis and Trema orientalis. I took photos
of the affected trees but could not establish the source of or the herbicide
that had caused the damage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizkcup2yaWSlTerNtonMFdoGIELzJnpgdh8kX_yyJEHBA7DU4U9H9vW09OAp7oE_TQl0-azJv7KUBiznykoQpqVLfn93rRbUW0WRklGrTo7rakQi4DYqOh2MGGHAkszucq-zkNWba_wzY/s1600/trema_orientalis_picloram_damage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizkcup2yaWSlTerNtonMFdoGIELzJnpgdh8kX_yyJEHBA7DU4U9H9vW09OAp7oE_TQl0-azJv7KUBiznykoQpqVLfn93rRbUW0WRklGrTo7rakQi4DYqOh2MGGHAkszucq-zkNWba_wzY/s400/trema_orientalis_picloram_damage.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trema orientalis that has been damaged by a very small dose of the herbicide picloram and is about to die. This tree has died since the photo was taken</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
More and more I began noticing trees that
had been affected or had been killed by what was very clearly as the result of herbicide
poisoning but again I could not establish what herbicide had caused the death
of the trees and when the spraying had occurred, in some areas the last spraying
had occurred a few years previously.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">About a year after first observing the herbicide
damage to trees and other plants I accidentally discovered the culprit
herbicide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">I had removed a narrow band of bark down to
the cambium on three trees on my property and carefully applied a very narrow
band of Kaput Gel containing Triclopyr and Picloram in a band of about 50 mm on
the bottom half of the area where the bark had been removed. Within a few days
I noticed that two trees growing within a meters of one of the trees started to
show signs of herbicide poisoning and within two weeks one of the small trees
Hippobromus pauciflorus was completely dead, the second small tree affected was
Obetia tenax which very nearly died but eventually after more than two years recovered.
For up to three meters along the line of the main roots all dicotyledonous
ground cover plants were affected. A wild grape Rhoicissus tomentosa growing
about six meters from one of the other trees was also very badly affected
clearly from herbicide leached from the tree that had been treated with Kaput
gel, eventually over ninety percent of the very large vine died what is left at
the time of writing being August 2017 has not completely recovered.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY0A6H1UMsuG2Q1AcXccK5zqsc13nDS9mVL8QRNTbZH5znFFh1bO6lIXBPTEHS8OzhwIfhc1MSlXhY7J3L2LLCZttaygIh9HsTehf1IzNDCANOhYIEp4UHwZTJ1bq_IjqAMy5Vvmp_gks/s1600/obetia_tenax_picloram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY0A6H1UMsuG2Q1AcXccK5zqsc13nDS9mVL8QRNTbZH5znFFh1bO6lIXBPTEHS8OzhwIfhc1MSlXhY7J3L2LLCZttaygIh9HsTehf1IzNDCANOhYIEp4UHwZTJ1bq_IjqAMy5Vvmp_gks/s400/obetia_tenax_picloram.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Obetia tenax two years after having been poisoned by picloram which leached from the roots of a tree that was ring barked and was treated with a herbicide gel some distance away</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Once that I had noticed how very small doses
of picloram had affected other plants growing nearby I investigated what
herbicides had been sprayed in the areas where so much herbicide damage had
occurred and discovered Plenum containing Picloram has been sprayed to control
weeds in adjoining grassland. In most areas where Plenum containing Picloram
had been sprayed 100% of Trema orientalis trees had died.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaQRLOz0Ae-5-d9Ep9h-xQPH4ecCmeAxjbbH3QIzpJZlFz9V68n_r3Ata1w7zyWfOQ8e_clnTaH3JtUjp07PW7BxI0DYemfJiC1diJ4lqf3n-3t2qr9cSgRs_mYgirr5e6DYpKW5MA_28/s1600/trema_orientalis_picloram_dead.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaQRLOz0Ae-5-d9Ep9h-xQPH4ecCmeAxjbbH3QIzpJZlFz9V68n_r3Ata1w7zyWfOQ8e_clnTaH3JtUjp07PW7BxI0DYemfJiC1diJ4lqf3n-3t2qr9cSgRs_mYgirr5e6DYpKW5MA_28/s400/trema_orientalis_picloram_dead.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trema orientalis that has been killed by a very small amount of the herbicide picloram,note that the two trees growing beneath it have not been affected</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Since then I have kept a very close eye on
where ever I have seen contractors spraying or applying herbicides. Time and
again I have found that Herbicides containing Picloram have caused excessive
amounts of damage and death to a number of species. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">I have observed that the following trees as
extremely sensitive to very low doses of picloram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Barringtonia racemosa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Brachyleana discolor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Celtis africanus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dombeya cymosum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ficus lutea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Grewia occidentalis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Hippobromus pauciflorus commonly known as
false horsewood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Obetia tenax<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Scadoxus puniceus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Trema orientalis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Wild grape Rhoicissus tomentosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqI1AGkmOTycJkBpUC68G-hbjwXZ_gCch2SLb_Qmrtzv-L_UEgSAFZhjky3fqzVYJTNYyoNACo5RX54NZjNl2uNez1HfjNw-_FUVshEkG-rohSVGxNoWzzrEPRTK3luDaTZ01JvOKyRmE/s1600/croton_sylvaticus_picloram_damage.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqI1AGkmOTycJkBpUC68G-hbjwXZ_gCch2SLb_Qmrtzv-L_UEgSAFZhjky3fqzVYJTNYyoNACo5RX54NZjNl2uNez1HfjNw-_FUVshEkG-rohSVGxNoWzzrEPRTK3luDaTZ01JvOKyRmE/s400/croton_sylvaticus_picloram_damage.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Croton sylvaticus dying after picloram that had been sprayed a year or two before was washed down to the root zone following heavy rains </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"> </span>Research on the internet confirmed what I
had recorded but also brought to light some alarming facts as to the danger of
using Picloram in sensitive natural areas or near to them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">As a result of my own observations as well
as what information I have obtained from the internet and a number of experts
that I have discussed the danger of
applying Picloram with I will certainly never spray with any Herbicide
containing Picloram in any natural area neither would I recommend any one else
to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">I would go as far as to say do not under
any circumstances ever spray with any herbicide containing Picloram in
environmentally sensitive areas for instance in conservation areas or any other
area when no damage to indigenous vegetation may occur. Also do not use
herbicide gels containing Picloram and if there is absolutely no alternative
then do so with extreme caution and only on plants that cannot be controlled
with other herbicides because as reported above picloram leaches from the roots
from the roots of plants that have been treated with it killing or damaging desirable
plants growing nearby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyMgbPfZa0enXHW8RA_139HEBYK2fetsYHsF09Zw61yQddM-wdikSFGU-ss4nPmqcUTV6nhMt2soJtcuPTkfnDHhkwTAUa2K_mjKjXmLL2NmkBoMsUvkJ3mT81v8kmSN3th0vLJBKFQYQ/s1600/baringtonia_picloram_damage+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyMgbPfZa0enXHW8RA_139HEBYK2fetsYHsF09Zw61yQddM-wdikSFGU-ss4nPmqcUTV6nhMt2soJtcuPTkfnDHhkwTAUa2K_mjKjXmLL2NmkBoMsUvkJ3mT81v8kmSN3th0vLJBKFQYQ/s400/baringtonia_picloram_damage+%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Damage has been caused to a Barringtonia racemosa a protected tree in South Africa at the uMdloti river lagoon by an NGO doing alien plant removal</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhRR5UEufiNiWZtUCrZhuiGWuhtga1-8wpJlH9nXZQGjpnwEBvPmICwd4cnWUkf1SRoxj8h6lVLLgJnrAMvc7luDccH1sDTZf58gNd9xUAHXX3-4DX9tJ7WOoJ4rmXkeooCBWFRwWnirs/s1600/baringtonia_picloram_damage+%25287%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhRR5UEufiNiWZtUCrZhuiGWuhtga1-8wpJlH9nXZQGjpnwEBvPmICwd4cnWUkf1SRoxj8h6lVLLgJnrAMvc7luDccH1sDTZf58gNd9xUAHXX3-4DX9tJ7WOoJ4rmXkeooCBWFRwWnirs/s400/baringtonia_picloram_damage+%25287%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Barringtonia racemosa a protected tree has been killed by the uninformed use of picloram at the uMdloti river lagoon by an NGO doing alien plant eradication</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">There is no need at all to use Picloram in
natural areas because there are herbicides that are just as effective and are
far safer to use so please do not use this nasty herbicide in these areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>The following information in regards to
picloram has been published on the internet.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram is a systemic herbicide that belongs
to the pyridine family of compounds, used for general woody plant control. It
also controls a wide range of broad- leaved weeds excepting mustards (crucifers).
Most grasses are resistant to picloram so it is used in grassland management
programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram can be sprayed onto foliage,
injected into plants, applied to cut surfaces, or placed at the base of the
plant where it will leach to the roots. Once absorbed by the foliage, stem, or
roots, picloram is transported throughout the plant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram kills susceptible plants by
mimicking the plant growth hormone auxin (indole acetic acid), and when administered
at effective doses, causes uncontrolled and disorganized plant growth that
leads to plant death.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram is the most persistent member of
its family of herbicides which does not bind strongly with soil particles and
is not degraded rapidly in the environment, allowing it to be highly mobile and
persistent. The half-life of picloram in soils can range from one month to several
years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">As a result Picloram can move off-site
through surface or subsurface runoff and has been found in the groundwater. Picloram
may also “leak” out of the roots of treated plants, and be taken up by nearby,
desirable species.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Concentrations in runoff reported by
researchers are often adequate to prevent the growth of non-target terrestrial
and aquatic plants, and therefore, picloram should not be applied near water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram is a dicot-selective, persistent
herbicide used to control a variety of annual and perennial broadleaved herbs
and woody species. It can persist in an active form in the soil from several
months to years, and can also be released from the roots of treated plants into
the soil, where other non-target species may take it up and be injured or killed
(Hickman et al. 1989). The cut-stump treatment is typically used to control
woody species. Picloram is metabolized slowly by microbes and can be degraded
through photolysis when directly exposed to sunlight. The half-life of picloram
in soils can vary from one month to three years depending on soil and climate
conditions. Other methods of chemical degradation do not occur readily.
Picloram does not bind strongly with soils and can be highly mobile, moving to
soil depths of two meters and laterally to one km.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Soils</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram is not readily degraded in soils
and can be persistent and mobile. Estimates of the </span>persistence of potentially toxic
concentrations vary from a few months to three years, depending on soil and environmental conditions
(Scrifres et al. 1972; Fryer et al. 1979; Johnsen 1980; Norris et al. 1982; Neary et al. 1985;
Smith et al. 1988; Bovey & Richardson 1991; Close et al.1998). In soils where picloram persists
for long periods of time, it has high potential to move vertically and horizontally, which can lead
to contamination of water sources and non-target (terrestrial and aquatic) sites. Smith et
al. (1988) reported that one and two years after treating a site with 3.38 kg/ha of picloram, residues
were found in the soils and groundwater of an untreated site one km away.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Water</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Because picloram is water-soluble and does
not bind strongly to soil, it is capable of moving into </span>local waterways through surface and
subsurface runoff (Michael et al. 1989). The extent to which picloram enters a waterway depends
largely on the type of soil, rates of application, rainfall received post-application, and
distance from point of application to nearest water body or groundwater (Trichell et al. 1968; Baur et
al. 1972; Mayeux et al. 1984). In general, the larger the buffer between treated sites and
surface water bodies or groundwater, the smaller the potential for water contamination</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Vegetation</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">In non-susceptible species such as grasses,
picloram is metabolized rapidly, while in susceptible </span>species, picloram can remain intact for
extended periods (WSSA 1994). When applied to soil, picloram is readily absorbed by plant
roots. When applied to foliage, the majority of picloram (70-90%) remains in the leaves and only a
small percentage is conducted to stems and roots (Meikle et al. 1966; Cessna et al. 1989;
Hickman et al. 1990). Unabsorbed picloram remaining on leaf surfaces may photo degrade in
sunlight or be washed off with rainfall or irrigation. Picloram absorbed by plants can be released
into the soil by passive transport through the roots and then taken up by roots of other nearby
plants (Hickman et al. 1990). Therefore, even selective application of picloram
to specific target plants could potentially harm nearby desirable</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Picloram </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Chemical name: 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Chemical class/use: chlorobenzoic acid herbicide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram is sold in South Africa under the
following brand names <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Grazon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tordon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Browser<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Access<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Scrubber <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Picloram is found in various herbicide
mixes in South Africa under the following names<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Plenum - Active Ingredients: Picloram
(80g/l), Fluroxypyr (80g/l)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">GLADIATOR 160 ME – Active ingredients:
Fluroxypyr 80 g/l, Picloram 80 g/l<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">There could be others<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>References</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Weed Control Methods Handbook, The Nature
Conservancy, Tu et al. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/18.Picloram.pdf">https://www.invasive.org/gist/products/handbook/18.Picloram.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Extension Toxicology Network, A Pesticide
Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University,
Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of
California at Davis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/picloram-ext.html">http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/picloram-ext.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Most kindly written for me for publication by Ecoman Michael Hickman on 20.08.2017 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/picloram.html">www.hlem.co.za/picloram.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.ecoman.co.za/">www.ecoman.co.za</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-44462568700394301092017-08-19T10:19:00.000-07:002017-08-21T03:21:30.448-07:00Alien Invasive Giant Reed, Spanish Reed Arundo donax<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Spanish Reed, Giant Reed Arundo donax,
giant cane, is one of the invasive alien plants that we have been eradicating
at Mount Moreland and other sites in the area. Spanish Reed Arundo donax is a
tall perennial cane which is mostly found growing in damp soils. Spanish Reed Arundo donax is one of several
species of grass called reeds. Spanish Reed Arundo donax is not to be confused with
our local reed Phragmites australis known as</span> uMhlanga<span lang="EN-US"> in Zulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCPQqRp2lt3wwlfGZIdxcJuQqXTVSnGM36hp3OGypC5-XiQY-FPL16SHzO5f5Zq2pxYgxHfMJ6rzUyJ-fr6JeSytT-qygsTkhByDqYI1DRdkIQfIXt-qMPn6HqDYuNm-VqXJZ8-pughbA/s1600/arundo_donax+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCPQqRp2lt3wwlfGZIdxcJuQqXTVSnGM36hp3OGypC5-XiQY-FPL16SHzO5f5Zq2pxYgxHfMJ6rzUyJ-fr6JeSytT-qygsTkhByDqYI1DRdkIQfIXt-qMPn6HqDYuNm-VqXJZ8-pughbA/s400/arundo_donax+%25282%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spanish Reed Arundo donax</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Spanish Reed Arundo donax is native to the
Mediterranean Basin and Middle East, Asia, and probably also parts of Africa
and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Spanish Reed Arundo donax has been widely
planted and has naturalized in most of the mild temperate, subtropical and
tropical regions of both hemispheres of the world mostly in wetlands and
riparian habitats.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Spanish Reed Arundo donax which is highly
invasive generally grows up to 6 meters; under ideal conditions it can exceed
10 meters. Spanish Reed Arundo donax resembles a very large common reed Phragmites
australis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR90IrsT4n9CwNeHi-D9GRFVfJa4HfrXIWRpsxvkRN4FIZWP3SKxxnwnTMEZTAUsPilGyYRMcdMmuxmoz76ec6_koSucyGJr1n41nS2FNJ1dVz1J4f7HFydQVg38A_LFiN5ldTLlkdza4/s1600/arundo_donax+%25284%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR90IrsT4n9CwNeHi-D9GRFVfJa4HfrXIWRpsxvkRN4FIZWP3SKxxnwnTMEZTAUsPilGyYRMcdMmuxmoz76ec6_koSucyGJr1n41nS2FNJ1dVz1J4f7HFydQVg38A_LFiN5ldTLlkdza4/s400/arundo_donax+%25284%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Spanish Reed Arundo donax that has been treated with our herbicide gel at Mount Moreland</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
As already said Spanish Reed Arundo donax
is a highly invasive plant that is one the fastest-growing plants in the world growing
up to 10 centimeters in a day;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">In South Africa Spanish Reed Arundo donax
has been given the Cat 1b invasive status.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Category 1b – Invasive species require
compulsory control as part of an invasive species </span>control programm. Due to their
invasiveness, infestations may qualify to be placed under a government sponsored invasive species
management program. No permits will be issued to keep them.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcQ3wXJPxujnOnOVMdL6IrabWu1A3_vTqbztXg1eyAd7-NY7dpfKFvoKf6lh2AIQrDdcpgBUwI-GgN3O_B3ARSmmd6Mc9rg2lgQdTg5c0wKjBbiJ1I1dyFrYZaKA-Q33yXQEXSxmeGyBc/s1600/arundo_donax+%252810%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcQ3wXJPxujnOnOVMdL6IrabWu1A3_vTqbztXg1eyAd7-NY7dpfKFvoKf6lh2AIQrDdcpgBUwI-GgN3O_B3ARSmmd6Mc9rg2lgQdTg5c0wKjBbiJ1I1dyFrYZaKA-Q33yXQEXSxmeGyBc/s400/arundo_donax+%252810%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another view of Spanish Reed Arundo donax that has been treated with our herbicide gel at Mount Moreland</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In
South Africa Spanish Reed Arundo donax was identified as one of those established
invasive species that are most destructive. The need here is to run coherent
control program and that gains are maintained. Giant Reed, Spanish Reed Arundo donax readily
out-competes other vegetation, invades watercourses, road verges and moist
sites away from water.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">A search on the internet makes it very clear
that Spanish Reed Arundo donax is difficult to control, this I have also established
from my own experience. Herbicide application to mature plants is rather ineffective.
Spanish Reed Arundo donax has dense growth and thick root masses which makes manual
or mechanical removal difficult, this method does a lot of damage to the
environment and is expensive to carry out. Deeply buried rhizome pieces re-sprout
and soil-disturbance may be severe. Follow-up after manual removal is
essential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-kxisoqckBgn1i_g0oxRLxNkKgQ2qxcT6LM65_t2qBwdtShtIDLwRVNVOtTkebGwcnponshaqcEx7u53XObuITi3wQAHSb7mkBBe6OvwOorzYW0_v4Lq9Dc6zmo_ZGk7iqLOP80MgEf0/s1600/20170811_121256.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-kxisoqckBgn1i_g0oxRLxNkKgQ2qxcT6LM65_t2qBwdtShtIDLwRVNVOtTkebGwcnponshaqcEx7u53XObuITi3wQAHSb7mkBBe6OvwOorzYW0_v4Lq9Dc6zmo_ZGk7iqLOP80MgEf0/s400/20170811_121256.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Spanish Reed Arundo donax that has been treated with our herbicide gel at Mount Moreland </span>the result six months after treatment </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">The application of herbicide is reasonably
effective if one cuts back Spanish Reed Arundo donax and allowing re-growth to
reach about one meter and then to spray with a glyphosate herbicide is the
method most recommended. Regular follow-up over a period of about three years
is required.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">I together with Ecoman have developed a
method of eradication that is far more effective where we cut down Spanish Reed
Arundo donax then treat the re-growth with a herbicide gel that we have
developed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJTNtqnl0Wp7CzLer1q2kzhbTjUZqjcXj0ppO-9RAfYIuBzwFUL_NLLzc4TzmvDVPQ3__EG2WTrc-XxI7EQDlXliseG7qVapp_juxbuc7Wh571Np-ysflSfi3XB_TFqLeJ0virBFUtd2M/s1600/arundo_donax_hlengiwe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJTNtqnl0Wp7CzLer1q2kzhbTjUZqjcXj0ppO-9RAfYIuBzwFUL_NLLzc4TzmvDVPQ3__EG2WTrc-XxI7EQDlXliseG7qVapp_juxbuc7Wh571Np-ysflSfi3XB_TFqLeJ0virBFUtd2M/s400/arundo_donax_hlengiwe.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inspecting Giant Reed Arundo donax that we treated with a new improved herbicide gel last week, the results are promising</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/reed.html">http://www.hlem.co.za/reed.html</a></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/">http://www.hlem.co.za</a></div>
luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-323071799413405194.post-41984882156105913542017-05-24T23:25:00.002-07:002017-05-24T23:35:19.187-07:00Hlengiwe Luthuli Environmental Management<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-wXCfYYBIe2G4jg78khRMBHL6nFdXUEEiA0I1sEBWXzVyqWhnELZLCNs8q9-pwk0Fgg2PXt9o3MaPQk8wc3jtwjy8i-6Wiax6aSAoAflKSHI0qWqv1LLu0mca2zK0Dkrp12E2DNUWyGE/s1600/DSC04502.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-wXCfYYBIe2G4jg78khRMBHL6nFdXUEEiA0I1sEBWXzVyqWhnELZLCNs8q9-pwk0Fgg2PXt9o3MaPQk8wc3jtwjy8i-6Wiax6aSAoAflKSHI0qWqv1LLu0mca2zK0Dkrp12E2DNUWyGE/s400/DSC04502.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyrtanthus sanguineus</td></tr>
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This is my first blog article to briefly announce to the world that I am active in the field of invasive alien weed control, identification of local as well as alien invasive plants, the rehabilitation of the natural environment, landscaping using indigenous plants as well as the launch of my website to be found at <a href="http://www.hlem.co.za/">www.hlem.co.za</a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz7g4VYUAvFbBk-cfC1fcTa10_Ky3ZlgSS-XxTyGhW9t9UWlq9u1Nl4XFSE6J8BRNq3yHMhMaIhpxSu4Zydjrsd0sqroDOg_gCWpOuimT1qjRWCpVnKqsgEaef27SW78y54jcZpQxwzAY/s1600/podranea+ricasoliana_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz7g4VYUAvFbBk-cfC1fcTa10_Ky3ZlgSS-XxTyGhW9t9UWlq9u1Nl4XFSE6J8BRNq3yHMhMaIhpxSu4Zydjrsd0sqroDOg_gCWpOuimT1qjRWCpVnKqsgEaef27SW78y54jcZpQxwzAY/s400/podranea+ricasoliana_2.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Podranea ricasoliana</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzYbSldUmuRpbv2uu4zykTTKHdM5dlJ8cnAjEwwHP7GAgQmJ0z00JNi5GaJOpNHValmPnKkod5aKlOkRZ-1qpS-R-lP41IOk-f0CRSL8sZhC-Kbfj9gMTfWSWEoMdb4ADTpWXVSd2rgOA/s1600/hibiscus_calyphullus.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1583" data-original-width="1600" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzYbSldUmuRpbv2uu4zykTTKHdM5dlJ8cnAjEwwHP7GAgQmJ0z00JNi5GaJOpNHValmPnKkod5aKlOkRZ-1qpS-R-lP41IOk-f0CRSL8sZhC-Kbfj9gMTfWSWEoMdb4ADTpWXVSd2rgOA/s400/hibiscus_calyphullus.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hibiscus calyphullus<br />
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luthulienvironmenthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358968198570685452noreply@blogger.com0